Health risk assessment: heavy metals in fish from the southern Black Sea

Bat Levent; Öztekin Ayşah; Arici Elif; Şahin Fatih

doi:doi:10.21603/2308-4057-2020-1-115-124

УДК 66

Health risk assessment: heavy metals in fish from the southern Black Sea

Опубликовано в Foods and Raw Materials · Том 8, Номер 1, 2020 · Страницы 115–124 · Рубрики: Research Article

DOI 10.21603/2308-4057-2020-1-115-124

Получено: 21.02.2020 Одобрено: 10.04.2020 Опубликовано: 10.04.2020 Язык публикаций: ENG

Авторы

Bat Levent ¹ iD · Öztekin Ayşah ² iD · Arici Elif ³ iD · Şahin Fatih ⁴ iD

1 Sinop University
Sinop, Турция

2 University of Sinop
Sinop, Турция

3 University of Sinop
Sinop, Турция

4 University of Sinop
Sinop, Турция

АННОТАЦИЯ

Introduction. The coastal contamination of the Black Sea has been an important issue for several decades. Heavy metals are the most harmful contaminants which affect people health. The research objective of the present study was to determine the amounts of Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu, and Zn found in the whiting (M. merlangus L.) and the red mullet (M. barbatus L.). These Black Sea bottom fish species have the highest commercial value. The obtained data were used to assess the risk which the fish represents for human consumers. Study objects and methods. The elements were detected using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The amounts of the metals arranged in the following order: Zn > Cu > Pb > Hg > Cd. Results and discussion. The mean values of Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu, and Zn in the edible tissues were 0.013, 0.024, 0.07, 0.195, and 9.05 mg/kg wet wt. for whiting and 0.017, 0.036, 0.05, 0.29, and 6.4 mg/kg wet wt. for red mullet, respectively. These levels proved lower than the permitted values set by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries of the UK (MAFF), Turkish Food Codex (TFC), and EU Commission Regulation. The target hazard quotient (THQ) for all the elements via consumption of whiting and red mullet were also low. Conclusion. Hazard index (HI) was ˂ 1, which means that the fish caused no health problems in people who consumed whiting and red mullet caught in the southern Black Sea during the fishing seasons of 2017–2018. The carcinogenic risk index (CRI) for whiting and red mullet was also considered insignificant.

КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА

Heavy metals Black Sea fish risk assessment target hazard quotient carcinogenic risk index

Информация Текст Литература

Авторы:

1. Sinop University

Sinop, Турция

2. University of Sinop

Sinop, Турция

3. University of Sinop

Sinop, Турция

4. University of Sinop

Sinop, Турция

Тип:

Статья

Страницы:

с 115 по 124

Статус:

Опубликован

Классификаторы:

УДК 66 Химическая технология. Химическая промышленность. Родственные отрасли

Язык материала:

английский

Ключевые слова:

Heavy metals, Black Sea, fish, risk assessment, target hazard quotient, carcinogenic risk index

Текст

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INTRODUCTION
Fish is usually located at the top of the food chain
in the marine ecosystem. It accumulates contaminants
from water, food, bottom sediment, and suspended
particles in the water column. Even though available
and accessible literature shows that heavy metals
accumulated in the Black Sea commercial fish have
no detrimental effect on human health [1], this issue
remains a matter of public concern. However, the
present research confirmed the fact that Black Sea fish is
unaffected by environmental situation and is safe to eat.
A review conducted by Bat et al. showed some
concern about the increase of unregulated settlements
and anthropogenic activities along the marine coastal
area of the Black Sea [2]. The growing urbanization
and industrialization, as well as the fast development
of agriculture, tourism, and fishery, increase the
concentration of heavy metals discharged by major
rivers into the coastal waters of the Black Sea. The
resulting increase in heavy metals adversely affects the
coastal ecosystem.
The contaminants eventually accumulate in
marine biota, particularly in fish [3, 4]. Subsequently,
metals pass on to people that consume contaminated
fish, thus threatening their health [5]. As a result,
the environmental issues related to heavy metal
contamination of the Black Sea are relevant to all
countries along the Black Sea coast. After Romania
and Bulgaria entered the European Union, the problem
affected the whole of Europe.
The Marine Environment Policy of the
Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD)
concerns the matters of monitoring chemical
elements in edible tissues of seafood and avoiding
heavy metal transfer from sea biota to human
body via food chain [6]. The MSFD targets the
Research Article DOI: http://doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2020-1-115-124
Open Access Available online at http://jfrm.ru/en/
Health risk assessment: heavy metals in fish from
the southern Black Sea
Levent Bat* , Ayşah Öztekin , Elif Arici , Fatih Şahin
Sinop University, Sinop, Turkey
* e-mail: leventbat@gmail.com
Received December 27, 2019; Accepted in revised form January 20, 2020; Published February 25, 2020
Abstract:
Introduction. The coastal contamination of the Black Sea has been an important issue for several decades. Heavy metals are the most
harmful contaminants which affect people health. The research objective of the present study was to determine the amounts of Cd,
Hg, Pb, Cu, and Zn found in the whiting (M. merlangus L.) and the red mullet (M. barbatus L.). These Black Sea bottom fish species
have the highest commercial value. The obtained data were used to assess the risk which the fish represents for human consumers.
Study objects and methods. The elements were detected using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS).
The amounts of the metals arranged in the following order: Zn > Cu > Pb > Hg > Cd.
Results and discussion. The mean values of Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu, and Zn in the edible tissues were 0.013, 0.024, 0.07, 0.195, and 9.05 mg/kg
wet wt. for whiting and 0.017, 0.036, 0.05, 0.29, and 6.4 mg/kg wet wt. for red mullet, respectively. These levels proved lower than
the permitted values set by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries of the UK (MAFF), Turkish Food Codex (TFC), and
EU Commission Regulation. The target hazard quotient (THQ) for all the elements via consumption of whiting and red mullet were
also low.
Conclusion. Hazard index (HI) was ˂ 1, which means that the fish caused no health problems in people who consumed whiting and
red mullet caught in the southern Black Sea during the fishing seasons of 2017–2018. The carcinogenic risk index (CRI) for whiting
and red mullet was also considered insignificant.
Keywords: Heavy metals, Black Sea, fish, risk assessment, target hazard quotient, carcinogenic risk index
Please cite this article in press as: Bat L, Öztekin A, Arici E, Şahin F. Health risk assessment: heavy metals in fish from the southern
Black Sea. Foods and Raw Materials. 2020;8(1):115–124. DOI: http://doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2020-1-115-124.
Copyright © 2020, Bat et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix,
transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
Foods and Raw Materials, 2020, vol. 8, no. 1
E-ISSN 2310-9599
ISSN 2308-4057
116
Bat L. et al. Foods and Raw Materials, 2020, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 115–124
subject of sea contamination in Descriptor 8
“Concentrations of contaminants are at levels not
giving rise to pollution effect” and Descriptor 9
“Contaminants in fish and other seafood for human
consumption do not exceed levels established by
Community legislation or other relevant standards” [6].
The objective of the MSFD with concern to Descriptors
8 and 9 is to ensure that contaminants are represented in
foods in safe amounts.
According to the main guideline of the
European Union, European seas are to obtain the
Good Environmental Status (GES) by 2020. The
abovementioned facts make studies of chemical elements
in commercial fish extremely relevant.
The current study featured two commercial
demersal fish species and assessed the heavy metal
contamination, as well as the risk that the detected heavy
metals represent for human health. The current study
concentrated on the effect of Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu, and Zn on
consumers’ health. The concentrations of the metals
were measured in the muscle tissues of whiting and
red mullet caught along the Sinop coast of the southern
Black Sea and sold on fish markets. The research also
included a thorough analysis of scientific literature on
the amounts of Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu, and Zn in Black Sea
whiting and red mullet. The obtained results could help
in achieving the goals set by MSFD 2008/56/EC [6].
STUDY OBJECTS AND METHODS
Sample Collection. Twenty specimens of whiting
and red mullet were purchased on fish markets. The
sampling was conducted during the fishing seasons of
Figure 1 Fishing area
2017 and 2018 on the Sinop coast of the Black Sea (Fig. 1).
The fish samples were processed according to the
method depicted by Bernhard and UNEP [6–8]. The
edible tissues of M. merlangus L. and M. barbatus L.
were dissolved with Suprapur® HNO3 (nitric acid)
using a microwave digestion system. The elemental
concentrations (Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu, and Zn) of the digested
edible samples of whiting and red mullet were studied
using the methods recognized by the Environmental
Food Analysis Lab Industry and Trade Inc.
Fish tissues were prepared using an inductively
coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), based
on m-AOAC 999.10 (Association of Official Analytical
Chemists with TS EN ISO IEC 17025 AB-0364-T
references number) and CSN EN 15763 European
Standards. The presence and quantity of the metals
were detected according to the instrumental reaction of
the equipment. The results were given as mg·kg–1 wet
weight (wt.).
Health risk assessment. The risk assessment for
infants, children, and adults was performed to estimate
the possible hazard associated with the consumption of
heavy metals contained in the Black Sea fish. The risk
exposure demands taking the mean daily intake of the
heavy metals (mg/kg/day). The estimated daily intake
(EDI) is subjected to the element levels and the amount
of ingestion of fish. The EDI of heavy metals was
calculated according to the equation below:
EDI =
Cmetal × Wfish
BW (1)
where Cmetal is the amounts of elements in edible tissues;
Wfish Cmetal
34°50'0''E 34°55'0''E 35°0'0''E 35°5'0''E 35°10'0''E 35°15'0''E
42°5'0''N
42°0'0''N
41°55'0''N
BLACK SEA
BLACK SEA
TURKEY
Sinop
117
Bat L. et al. Foods and Raw Materials, 2020, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 115–124
Wfish represents the daily mean ingestion of fish given
as 0.013, 0.027, and 0.041 kg/day for infants, children,
and adults, respectively [10]; BW is the body weight
of 10 kg for infants, 30 kg for children, and 70 kg for
adults.
The target hazard quotient (THQ) has been used in
many studies to analyze the potential non-carcinogenic
effect of the metals in the edible tissues of fish. The
EDI (mg/kg of body wt. per day) of each heavy metal
was related with the reference dose (Rf. D, mg/kg/day)
as described in the equation below [11–13]:
(2)
Rf. D. is the oral reference dose for Zn, Cu, Pb,
Hg, and Cd as suggested by the US Environmental
Protection Agency, i.e. 0.3, 0.04, 0.004, 0.0005, and
0.001 mg/kg/day, respectively [14, 15]. However, in
the Risk Assessment Information System (RAIS), the
mercury inorganic salts Rf. D. value is 0.0003, and
there is no Rf. D. value for lead and compounds [15].
In contrast, oral slope factor is given only for lead and
compounds as 0.0085 mg/kg/day [16]. The hazard index
(HI) was defined as the sum of the THQs as described in
the equation below:
HI= THQ (Zn) + THQ (Cu) + THQ (Pb) +
+ THQ (Hg) + THQ (Cd) (3)
The HI was used in this study to describe the
cumulative non-carcinogenic effect. If HI > 1.0, then the
EDI of a specific element exceeds the Rf. D, showing
that there is a potential risk associated with that element.
The risk index (RI) represents the probability of
developing any type of cancer over a lifetime. It is
calculated by integrating the EDI with the respective
oral slope factors (SF) for heavy metals. Slope factors
(SF) are used to reckon the risk of cancer along with
exposure to a carcinogenic or probably carcinogenic
matter [17]. The description is presented in the equation
below:
RI= EDI x SF (4)
The RI was considered insignificant if the RI was
< 10–6; the RI was considered allowable or tolerable if
RI was 10–6 < RI < 10–4; the RI was considered
significant if the RI was > 10–4.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The average amounts of the heavy metals in Black
Sea whiting and red mullet are given in Fig. 2. The
amounts of heavy metals in both M. merlangus L.
and M. barbatus L. decreased in the following order:
Zn > Cu > Pb > Hg > Cd. The essential metals Zn and
Cu were represented in higher amounts due to their
biological functions, whereas the toxic metals Pb, Hg,
and Cd have no biological functions, and their amounts
in fish tissues were considerably lower.
Figure 2 Heavy metal amounts with standard deviation for Cd,
Hg, Pb, Cu, and Zn in the edible tissues of M. merlangus L.
and M. barbatus L. from the Black Sea coasts caught in 2017
and 2018
2017 2018
0.016
0.012
0.008
0.004
0
M. merlangus M. barbatus
mg/kg wet wt
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
2017 2018
mg/kg wet wt
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
2017 2018
mg/kg wet wt
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2017 2018
mg/kg wet wt
10
8
6
4
2
0
2017 2018
mg/kg wet wt
Cd
Hg
Pb
Cu
EDI = Zn
Cmetal × Wfish
BW
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Bat L. et al. Foods and Raw Materials, 2020, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 115–124
In this study, the heavy metal amounts in edible
tissues varied according to the species. Cd, Hg, and Cu
were high in M. barbatus, whereas M. merlangus proved
rich in Pb and Zn. These differences may be related to
habitat and feeding habits. The red mullet is demersal
fish found near sand, gravel, and mud bottoms of the
continental shelf. It feeds on small benthic mollusks,
crustaceans, and worms. The whiting is benthopelagic
fish found mostly near gravel and mud bottoms. Less
frequently, it can be found on rock and sand. The
whiting feeds on crabs, shrimps, mollusks, polychaetes,
and small fish [17].
Cu and Zn are relatively safe for living biota.
Therefore, the permissible values of such essential
heavy metals as Cu and Zn are not available in the
current European Union and TFC regulations. However,
they can be harmful if consumed in large amounts.
According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and
Fisheries of the UK (MAFF), the maximal tolerable
limits of Cu and Zn are 20 and 50 mg/kg wet wt.,
respectively [18]. In this study, the amount of heavy
metal detected in whiting and red mullet was found to be
significantly lower than these values.
Similarly, the present study revealed that toxic metal
values (Cd, Hg and Pb) in edible tissues of whiting and
red mullet were below the permissible values (0.05,
0.5, and 0.3 mg/kg wet wt.) set by European Union
Commission Regulation and Turkish Food Codex [19,
20]. The Global Agriculture Information Network
(GAIN) Report of the Russian Federation defined the
Table 1 Estimated daily intakes (EDI) of elements in the edible tissues of Merlangius merlangus L. from the southern Black Sea
Heavy metals EDI (2017), mg/day/kg body wt. EDI (2018), mg/day/kg body wt.
Infants Children Adults Infants Children Adults
Cd 0.0000156 0.0000108 0.0000070 0.0000182 0.0000126 0.0000082
Hg 0.0000273 0.0000189 0.0000123 0.0000351 0.0000243 0.0000158
Pb 0.0000780 0.0000540 0.0000351 0.0001040 0.0000720 0.0000468
Cu 0.0002730 0.0001890 0.0001230 0.0002340 0.0001620 0.0001054
Zn 0.0114400 0.0079200 0.00515428 0.0120900 0.0083700 0.0054471
Table 2 Estimated daily intakes (EDI) of elements in edible tissues of Mullus barbatus L. from the southern Black Sea
Heavy
metals
EDI (2017), mg/day/kg body wt. EDI (2018), mg/day/kg body wt.
Infants Children Adults Infants Children Adults
Cd 0.0000234 0.0000162 0.0000105 0.0000208 0.0000144 0.00000937
Hg 0.0000494 0.0000342 0.0000222 0.0000442 0.0000306 0.0000199
Pb 0.0000585 0.0000405 0.0000263 0.0000715 0.0000495 0.0000322
Cu 0.0004030 0.0002790 0.0001815 0.0003510 0.0002430 0.00015814
Zn 0.0093600 0.0064800 0.0042171 0.0072800 0.0050400 0.0032800
Table 3 Target hazard quotients (THQ) and hazard index (HI) of elements consumed with Merlangius merlangus L. caught near
the southern coast of the Black Sea in 2017 and 2018
Heavy
metals
THQ (2017) THQ (2018)
Infants Children Adults Infants Children Adults
Cd 0.0156000 0.0108000 0.00702857 0.0182000 0.0126000 0.0082000
Hg 0.0546000 0.0378000 0.0246000 0.0702000 0.0486000 0.03162857
Pb 0.0195000 0.0135000 0.008785714 0.0260000 0.0180000 0.011714286
Cu 0.0068250 0.0047250 0.0030750 0.0058500 0.0040500 0.00263571
Zn 0.0381330 0.0264000 0.01718095 0.0403000 0.0279000 0.01815714
HI 0.1346580 0.0932250 0.060670238 0.1605500 0.1111500 0.072335714
Table 4 Target hazard quotients (THQ) and hazard index (HI) of elements consumed with Mullus barbatus L. caught near
the southern coast of the Black Sea in 2017 and 2018
Heavy
metals
THQ (2017) THQ (2018)
Infants Children Adults Infants Children Adults
Cd 0.0234000 0.0162000 0.010542857 0.0208000 0.0144000 0.009371429
Hg 0.0988000 0.0684000 0.044514286 0.0884000 0.0612000 0.039828571
Pb 0.0146250 0.0101250 0.006589286 0.0178750 0.0123750 0.008053571
Cu 0.0100750 0.0069750 0.004539286 0.0087750 0.0060750 0.003953571
Zn 0.0312000 0.0216000 0.014057143 0.0242666 0.0168000 0.010933333
HI 0.1781000 0.1233000 0.080242857 0.160116667 0.1108500 0.072140476
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Bat L. et al. Foods and Raw Materials, 2020, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 115–124
permissible amounts of Cd, Hg, and Pb as 0.2, 0.5, and
1 mg/kg wet wt., respectively [21].
Tables 1 and 2 present the EDI values for whiting
and red mullet caught near the Sinop coast of the Black
Sea in 2017 and 2018 for infants, children, and adults.
Tables 3 and 4 feature the THQ and HI values.
The EDI levels of Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu, and Zn were
very low for both whiting and red mullet. These
values were observed to be lower than their Rf. D.
values. Likewise, THQ levels of these elements were
very low. The HI values for infants were observed
to be higher than those for children and adults.
This result suggests that, at a relatively high level
of exposure, infants will be more likely at risk than
children and adults. Obviously, infants weigh much
less than children and adults. However, the total noncarcinogenic
indices (HI), which is the sum of THQ
values for all the heavy metals studied for each sampling
year, were lower than the threshold value of 1.0.
Therefore, there were no health risks for infants,
children, and adults who consumed whiting and red
mullet caught near the southern coast of the Black Sea
during the fishing seasons of 2017 and 2018.
In the Risk Assessment Information System, the
SP value is given for Pb and its compounds only.
The lifetime of a person is stated to be 70 years on
average, while the exposure duration is assumed to be
26 years [16]. Tables 5 and 6 show carcinogenic
concentration of consumed fish (CDI), hazard quotient
(HQ), risk index (RI), and hazard risk (HI) of heavy
metals in M. merlangus and M. barbatus caught near the
southern coast of the Black Sea. The carcinogenic risk
for whiting and red mullet was lower than 10–6 and is
considered insignificant. The lowest RI was found in red
mullet in 2017.
The results of this study were compared with the
studies that featured Merlangius merlangus and Mullus
barbatus from the Black Sea. They are presented in
Tables 7 and 8, respectively.
In general, the amount of heavy metal found in both
Merlangius merlangus and Mullus barbatus proved to
be lower than that in other studies. Likewise, Zn is the
heaviest metal found in both species. It is followed by
Cu, Pb, Cd, and Hg. When compared, Zn, Cu, and Pb
were found in high amounts in the whiting collected
near the Amasra coasts of the southern Black Sea [31].
Hg was the highest in the whiting caught near the shores
of Istanbul in the Black Sea [30]. Cd was detected in
both fish species caught near the Trabzon shores. The
highest Hg level species was obtained from M. barbatus
caught near the shores of Istanbul and Kocaeli in the
Black Sea [37]. The highest Pb value was found in the
red mullet fished near the Kastamonu shores of the Black
Sea [45].
The differences in the amounts of heavy metals
found in these fish species may be due to the fact that
they were caught during different fishing seasons
and in different areas of the Black Sea. Metabolism,
physiology, and feeding habits of the fish are different
in different seasons. The pollution load also varies in
different areas of the Black Sea coast [2]. Similarly,
one should not dismiss different applications in heavy
metal measurements, equipment accuracy, and human
error. Although there are some exceptions, the amounts
of heavy metals in these fish species proved to be low.
Therefore, they posed no threat to human health.
CONCLUSION
The research featured the effect of Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu,
and Zn on the health of infants, children, and adults who
Table 5 Carcinogenic concentration of consumed fish (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ), risk index (RI), and hazard risk (HI)
of elements in Merlangius merlangus L. caught near the southern coast of the Black Sea in 2017 and 2018
Heavy
metals
2017 2018
CDI, mg/kg/day HQ RI CDI, mg/kg/day HQ RI
Cd 0.0000026 0.0070290 0.0000030 0.0082000
Hg 0.0000045 0.0246000 0.0000058 0.0316290
Pb 0.0000130 – 0.00000011 0.0000170 – 0.00000014
Cu 0.0000450 0.0030750 0.0000390 0.0026360
Zn 0.0019144 0.0171810 0.0020232 0.0181570
HI 0.0518850 0.00000011 0.0606220 0.00000014
Table 6 Carcinogenic concentration of consumed fish (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ), risk index (RI), and hazard risk (HI)
of elements in Mullus barbatus L. caught near the southern coast of the Black Sea in 2017 and 2018
Heavy
metals
2017 2018
CDI, mg/kg/day HQ RI CDI, mg/kg/day HQ RI
Cd 0.0000039 0.0105430 0.0000034 0.0093710
Hg 0.0000082 0.0445140 0.0000082 0.0398290
Pb 0.0000097 – 0.000000083 0.0000119 – 0.0000001
Cu 0.0000670 0.0045390 0.0000580 0.0039540
Zn 0.0015663 0.0140570 0.0012182 0.0109330
HI 0.0736530 0.000000083 0.0640870 0.0000001
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Table 7 Comparison of the amounts (ppm) of heavy metals in the edible tissues of Merlangius merlangus L. caught near various
areas of the Black Sea coast
Location dw/ww Metals Ref.
Zn Cu Pb Cd Hg
Black Sea d.w. 48.6 ± 3.9 1.25 ± 0.10 0.93 ± 0.07 0.55 ± 0.04 – [22]
Black Sea d.w. 8.86–163.28 0.91–8.95 – – – [23]
Trabzon w.w. 8.62 ± 0.54 0.88 ± 0.12 0.25 ± 0.07 0.01 ± 0.00 – [24]
Sinop 12.9 ± 4.14 2.90 ± 0.78 0.46 ± 0.08 0.04 ± 0.01 –
Bartın 5.73 ± 0.37 0.77 ± 0.07 0.18 ± 0.04 0.02 ± 0.00 –
İstanbul d.w. 6.03 ± 0.55 0.50 ± 0.10 0.19 ± 0.02 – [25]
Black Sea w.w. 65.4 ± 4.2 1.32 ± 0.11 0.53 ± 004 0.21 ± 0.02 84 ± 5 μg·kg–1 [26]
Sinop d.w. – – < 0.05 < 0.02 < 0.05 [27]
Samsun – – < 0.05 < 0.02 < 0.05
Samsun, Ordu, Trabzon, Rize d.w 20.6 ± 2.1 1.8 ± 0.2 0.46 ± 0.05 0.18 ± 0.02 – [28]
Samsun, Sinop, Terme, Fatsa
Ordu
d.w. 31.34 ± 1.61 3.72 ± 0.59 0.58 ± 0.03 0.002 ± 0.000 not detect [29]
İstanbul w.w. 4.248–30.842 0.001–4.915 0.004–1.581 0.001–0.151 0.003–0.491 [30]
Amasra-West Black Sea w.w. 77.99 ± 46.91 8.53 ± 2.14 6.80 ± 5.88 0.40 ± 0.29 – [31]
Samsun- Turkey d.w. 58 ± 3.5
28.3 ± 1
2.3 ± 0.7
2.7 ± 0.7
0.9 ± 0.2
not detect
0.2 ± 0.03
not detect
– [32]
Terkos d.w. – – 15 0.35 0.07 [33]
Sakarya – – 12 0.24 < 0.01
Bafra – – 15 0.07 0.09
Ordu – – 13 0.22 0.5
Trabzon-Turkey d.w. 22.76 ± 2.01 1.02 ± 0.05 0.08 ± 0.03 0.04 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 [34]
Black Sea d.w. 8.49 0.51 0.01 – – [35]
Sinop d.w. 22.82–34.33 2.85–5.26 0.02 0.08–0.18 – [36]
Black Sea d.w. 18 ± 1.4 2.5 ± 0.06 0.05 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.33 ± 0.02 [37]
Eastern Black Sea, Turkey
Ordu-Samsun
d.w. 21.5 1.56 0.024 0.031 – [38]
West Black Sea w.w. 18.1 ± 0.3 1.28 ± 0.07 – – – [39]
Sinop d.w. 16.34 ± 3.83 1.20 ± 0.31 0.69 ± 0.34 0.027 ± 0.012 – [40]
Trabzon-Turkey w.w. – – 0.02 ± 0.00 4.05 ± 0.14 – [41]
Sinop w.w. 3.4 < 0.5 < 0.05 < 0.02 < 0.05 [42]
Sinop w.w. 43 ± 6 0.41 ± 0.02 0.88 ± 0.006 0.075 ± 0.006 not detect [43]
Samsun w.w. 5.04 ± 0.58 1.28 ± 0.09 1.41 ± 0.23 0.06 ± 0.02 – [44]
Sinop 3.47 ± 0.27 0.92 ± 0.08 0.63 ± 0.06 0.05 ± 0.003 –
Kocaeli 3.99 ± 0.5 1.46 ± 0.18 0.69 ± 0.12 0.06 ± 0.01 –
Kastamonu w.w. 5.45 ± 1.12 4.52 ± 0.70 6.12 ± 1.45 0.24 ± 0.02 – [45]
Giresun w.w. 3.77 ± 0.22 2.40 ± 0.25 0.05 ± 0.00 0.66 ± 0.08 – [46]
Trabzon 5.65 ± 0.58 1.62 ± 0.25 1.30 ± 0.31 0.12 ± 0.03 –
Rize 4.08 ± 0.36 1.65 ± 0.26 1.29 ± 0.21 0.08 ± 0.02 –
Southwestern Black Sea w.w. 23.54 ± 6.77 2.44 ± 0.54 0.36 ± 0.42 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 [47]
Black Sea w.w. – – 0.099 0.013 0.081 [48]
Sinop w.w. 7.11–17.88 0.18–0.33 0.03–0.09 0.007–0.0085 0.01–0.017 [49]
Sinop w.w. 9.70 ± 1.9 2.90 ± 0.99 1.17 ± 1.01 0.02 ± 0.01 – [50]
Kastamonu 6.74 ± 1.63 2.35 ± 0.36 1.18 ± 0.45 0.03 ±0.01 –
Zonguldak 6.24 ± 0.8 2.25 ± 0.25 0.86 ± 0.34 0.03 ± 0.01 –
Sinop w.w. 12.63 ± 0.22
18.52 ± 0.60
0.59 ± 0.06
2.10 ± 0.67
0.19 ± 0.02
0.90 ± 0.28
0.03 ± 0.00
0.22 ± 0.03
0.13 ± 0.01
0.23 ± 0.00
[51]
Western Black Sea w.w. – – – – 0.01 ± 0.01 [52]
d.w.= dry wt.; w.w. = wet wt.
121
Bat L. et al. Foods and Raw Materials, 2020, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 115–124
Location dw/
ww
Metals Ref.
Zn Cu Pb Cd Hg
Black Sea d.w. 106 ± 9.1 0.98 ± 0.07 0.84 ± 0.07 0.45 ± 0.04 – [22]
Black Sea d.w. 1.424–63.290 0.380–2.714 – – – [23]
Trabzon w.w. 8.26 ± 0.77 1.30 ± 0.13 0.22 ± 0.08 0.02 ± 0.00 – [24]
Sinop 10.5 ± 2.03 0.87 ± 0.09 0.39 ± 0.03 0.03 ± 0.00 –
İstanbul d.w. 7.573 ± 0.389 – 0.727 ± 0.141 0.208 ± 0.017 – [25]
Black Sea w.w. 75.5 ± 5.3 0.96 ± 0.08 0.36 ± 0.03 0.17 ± 0.02 36 ± 2 μg·kg–1 [26]
Sinop d.w. – – 0.0525 < 0.02 < 0.05 [27]
Samsun – – 0.0815 < 0.02 < 0.05
Samsun, Ordu, Trabzon, Rize d.w. 17.8 ± 1.8 1.4 ± 0.1 0.40 ± 0.04 0.23 ± 0.02 – [28]
Samsun, Sinop, Terme, Fatsa Ordu d.w. 23.71 ± 0.71 3.14 ± 0.31 0.92 ± 0.12 0.020 ± 0.002 – [29]
Amasra w.w. 16.03 ± 14.05
(3.48–40.72)
4.08 ± 2.79
(1.23–9.21)
1.11 ± 1.60
(0.09–7.00)
0.11 ± 0.13
(0.02–0.55)
– [31]
Trabzon-Turkey d.w. 27.36 1.12 0.10 0.02 0.11 [32]
Sinop d.w. 6.95–18.43 4.93–7.74 0.09–0.31 0.02 – [53]
Black Sea (İstanbul and Kocaeli) d.w. 14.6 ± 1.3 1 ± 0.18 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.47 ± 0.02 [37]
Eastern Black Sea, Turkey Ordu-
Samsun
d.w. 19.7 1.36 0.020 0.018 – [38]
West Black Sea d.w. 36.4 ± 3.2 2.28 ± 0.03 – – – [39]
Sinop d.w. 17.15 ± 3.78 0.95 ± 0.41 0.82 ± 0.34 0.035 ± 0.018 – [40]
Trabzon-Turkey w.w. – – < LOD 3.38 ± 0.06 – [41]
Sinop d.w. 3.2 < 0.5 < 0.05 < 0.02 < 0.05 [42]
Sinop d.w. 10.64–19.53 2.79–5.45 0.11–0.45 0.03–0.19 – [54]
Samsun w.w. 4.95 ± 0.6 1.27 ± 0.19 1.76 ± 0.40 0.20 ± 0.11 – [44]
Sinop 9.49 ± 0.38 2.38 ± 0.12 2.94 ± 0.81 0.07 ± 0.02 –
Kocaeli 5.71 ± 0.88 1.4 ± 0.12 0.88 ± 0.12 0.06 ± 0.005 –
Kastamonu w.w. 6.14 ± 1.46 2.35 ± 0.38 7.21 ± 1.56 0.28 ± 0.03 – [45]
Giresun w.w. 6.02 ± 0.45 1.99 ± 0.18 0.45 ± 0.05 0.04 ± 0.00 – [46]
Trabzon 7.15 ± 0.64 1.74 ± 0.13 1.03 ± 0.10 0.12 ± 0.03 –
Rize 5 ± 0.31 1.81 ± 0.15 1.30 ± 0.16 0.09 ± 0.02 –
Southwestern Black Sea w.w. 20.80–34.94 1.36–11.85 0.03–1.70 0.02–0.05 0.01–0.03 [47]
Ordu d.w. 44.85 ± 7.11
83.13 ± 8.4
1.64 ± 0.37
3.95 ± 0.74
0.81 ± 0.04
1.54 ± 0.36
0.8 ± 0.02
0.91 ± 0.02
– [55]
Black Sea w.w. – – 0.165 0.016 0.032 [48]
Sinop w.w. 5.61–11.8 0.27–0.49 0.025–0.06 0.007–0.011 0.015–0.021 [49]
Romania w.w. – 3.486 ± 2.45 0.32 ± 0.25 0.026 ± 0.001 – [56]
Romania w.w. – – – – 0.035 ± 0.01
(0.021–0.072)
[57]
West Black Sea w.w. – – – – 0.03 ± 0.02 [52]
d.w.= dry wt.; w.w. = wet wt.
Table 8 Comparison of the amounts (ppm) of heavy metals in the edible tissues of Mullus barbatus L. caught near various areas
of the Black Sea coast
consumed whiting (M. merlangus L.) and red mullet
(M. barbatus L.) caught near the southern coast of the
Black Sea in 2017 and 2018. For all age groups, the EDI
values for each heavy metal decreased in the following
order: Zn > Cu > Pb > Hg > Cd. The mean values of
Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu, and Zn in the edible tissues were 0.013,
0.024, 0.07, 0.195, and 9.05 mg/kg wet wt. for whiting
and 0.017, 0.036, 0.05, 0.29, and 6.4 mg/kg wet wt. for
red mullet, respectively. The differences might have
been caused by the fact that the samples were caught
during different fishing seasons and in different areas of
the Black Sea.
In all cases, HI values for each metal were ˂ 1,
suggesting no health risk. The concentrations also met
the standards set up by regulatory bodies of Turkey and
the European Union. The RI values for whiting and red
mullet did not exceed the insignificant limit (10–6). In
addition, these two commercial species caught near the
Sinop coast showed no carcinogenic potential.
122
Bat L. et al. Foods and Raw Materials, 2020, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 115–124
CONTRIBUTION
The authors were equally involved in writing the
manuscript and are equally responsible for plagiarism.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of
interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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Health risk assessment: heavy metals in fish from the southern Black Sea

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